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Covid – 19 Vis-A-Vis Labour Laws In India: Pro-Make In India Or Anti- Human Rights? (By Deboleena Dutta)

Author Name: Deboleena Dutta
Title: Covid – 19 Vis-A-Vis Labour Laws In India: Pro-Make In India Or Anti- Human Rights?
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-23846355/ijlra/v2i6/April2022
Email Id: deboleenadutta94@gmail.com
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PRIVACY OF RAPE VICTIMS: INADEQUATE PROTECTION FROM THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (Authored By SHERIN FARHANA EV & M Shamima Parveen (Assistant Professor)

Author Name: SHERIN FARHANA EV (CRESCENT SCHOOL OF LAW)
Title: PRIVACY OF RAPE VICTIMS: INADEQUATE PROTECTION FROM THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-79364219/SHERIN FARHANA EV
Email Id: sherinfarhana11@gmail.com
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Metaverse Gaming And Its Legal Aspects (By Krishna K.G)

Author Name: Krishna K.G
Title: Metaverse Gaming And Its Legal Aspects
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-92777938/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: krishnakgpanicker@gmail.com
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Maritime Boundary disputes and its impact among the neighboring states (By Srividya.S)

Author Name: Srividya.S
Title: Maritime Boundary disputes and its impact among the neighboring states
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-72971193/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: srividya.010@gmail.com
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Rights and Liabilities of Mortgager and Mortgagee (By Falgu Mukati)

Author Name: Falgu Mukati
Title: Rights and Liabilities of Mortgager and Mortgagee
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-33376977/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: falgum@yahoo.com
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Biological Weapons: The past, the present and the future (By Samayeta Bal)

Author Name: Samayeta Bal
Title: Biological Weapons: The past, the present and the future
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-78731339/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: 1982077@kls.ac.in
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Tussle Between Copyright And Education In India (By Trishla Parihar)

Author Name: Trishla Parihar
Title: Tussle Between Copyright And Education In India
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-98918195/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: trishlaparihar20th@gmail.com
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"The Amnesias of International Law in Kashmir Conflict: Perspectives & Narratives" (By Jeezan Riyaz)

Author Name: Jeezan Riyaz
Title: The Amnesias of International Law in Kashmir Conflict: Perspectives &
Narratives
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-25786215/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: rjeezan@gmail.com
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Reforms In The Indian Banking System (By Sruthi. S & Theertha.K)

Author Name: Sruthi. S & Theertha.K
Title: Reforms In The Indian Banking System
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-34868556/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: sruthiabi882@yahoo.in
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“Relevancy of Judge made Laws in Legal Research” (By Miss. Gopa Chandra Mandal)

Author Name: Miss. Gopa Chandra Mandal
Title: “Relevancy of Judge made Laws in Legal Research”
DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2022-85139622/ ijlra/v2i6/April/2022
Email Id: gcmandalcu@gmail.com
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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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Citation 2

65876451 adaskdjlkh lkhlkhasd

IJLRA N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

Citation

[1] Bandhua Mukti Morcha v Union of India and Ors 1984 AIR 802
[1] Sanjit Roy v. State of Rajasthan 1983 AIR 328

Citation

1 A.S. Anand, Victims of Crime — The Unseen Side, (1998) 1 S.C.C. (Jour) 13, 3-13
2 N.R. Madhava Menon, Victim’s rights and criminal justice reforms, The Hindu, Mar. 27, 2006, available at http://www. thehindu.com/2006/03/27/stories/2006032703131000.htm.
3 Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, G.A. Res. 40/34, U.N. Doc. A/RES/40/34 (Nov. 29, 1985).
4 Bajpai, G.S. (2006). Psycho-social consequences of victimization in rape. International Perspectives in Victimology, Vol. 2, No. 1. pp. 67-81.
5 Chockalingam, K. (1985a). Problems of victims of crime and their families, in Readings in Victimology, (Ed.) Raviraj Publications. Chennai: India, pp.73-90.

Citation

1. Tal Z. Zarsky, Information Privacy in Virtual Worlds: Identifying Unique Concerns Beyond the Online and Offline Worlds, 49 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 231 (2004
2. David R. Johnson, How Online Games May Change the Law and Legally Significant Institutions, 49 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 51 (2005).
 
3. Wollfgang Kleinwachter, From Self-Governance to Public-Private Partnership: The Changing Role of Governments in the Management of the Internet Core Resources, 11 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1103 (2003).
 
4. Jack M. Balkin, Law and Liberty in the Virtual Worlds, 49 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 63, 67 (2005
5.  The Internet Domain Name System (Part I): Hearing Before the
Subcomm. on Basic Research of the House Comm. on Sci., 105th Cong.. (1997)
6. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-virtualworlds-idUSN1028324920071010
7. Internet Scams Fraud Trends January-December 2005, National Fraud Information Center, online at http://www.fraud.org/2005_Internet_Fraud_Report.pdf (visited on October 28, 2007).
8. Taylor Wessing, The Metaverse: legal challenges and opportunities at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c1872705-ccbe-49bb-98f4-77092e4f26ec
9. e4m, The future of online gaming is in metaverse’, https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/the-future-of-online-gaming-is-in-metaverse-119014.html
10. CLIFFORD CHANCE, The Metaverse: What are the legal implications? at https://www.cliffordchance.com/insights/resources/hubs-and-toolkits/talking-tech/en/articles/2022/02/the-metaverse--what-are-the-legal-implications-.html
 
11. 14 Trends That Will Dominate Cyber And Technology Space In 2022 at http://bwlegalworld.businessworld.in/article/14-Trends-That-Will-Dominate-Cyber-Law-And-Technology-Space-In-2022/14-01-2022-417688/
 
12. Property Rights in Cyberspace Games and Other Novel Legal Issues in Virtual Property at http://www.scconline.com/Print/wzJubF6Q
 

Citation

[1] United Nations Convention on Law of the sea, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397
[1] ICJ (1994)
[1] Supra Note 1.
[1] Martin A. Rogoff, An Overview of Existing Maritime Boundary Disputes and recommendations for their Settlement, 15 ocean and coastal L.J. (2010).
[1] A Asgeirsdottir, M.C. Steinwand, Dispute settlement mechanisms and maritime boundary settlement, Rev. Ind. Organ 10 (2015) 119-143
[1] Aceris Law, law of the sea dispute settlement mechanism, International Arbitration Attorney Network, (2015)
[1]ITLOS, 2012, Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal
[1] PCA, 2014, The Bay of Bengal maritime boundary arbitration between People’s Republic of Bangladesh and republic of India.
[1] Haroon Habib, Bangladesh wins maritime dispute with India, The Hindu, July 9, 2014
[1] ICJ, 2021, Maritime Delimitation in the Indian ocean, Somalia v. Kenya
[1] ICJ, Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean sea and the Pacific ocean, 2018
[1] Monjur Hasan, He Jian , Wahidul Alam, and K.M. Azam Chowdhury, Protracted Maritime Boundary Dispute and maritime laws, Journal of International Maritime safety, (2019)
 

Citation

[1] Amandeep Kaur, Rights and Liabilities of a Mortgager, June 27, 2019, 13:41:07+00:00, https://blog.ipleaders.in/rights-liabilities-mortgagor-india/
[1] Kanishta Naithani, Rights and Liabilities of Mortgager and Mortgagee, September 14, 2021, 08:27:04, https://www.legalbites.in/rights-liabilities-mortgagor-and-mortgagee/
[1] Aditi Shanmugam, Rights and Liabilities of Mortgagee, June 30, 2021, 22:24:00+05:30, https://www.lawcolumn.in/rights-and-liabilities-of-a-mortgagee/

Citation

[1] WHO, https://www.who.int/health-topics/biological-weapons#tab=tab_1 (last visited March 28, 2022)
 
[1] Graham S. Pearson, The Threat of Deliberate Disease in the 21st Century, 18, BWP: Reasons for Concern, Courses of Action, 10, 14 (1998)
[1] Sheldon Harris., Japanese biological warfare research on humans: a case study of microbiology and ethics, 666(1), Ann N Y Acad Sci ,21, 24-25 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x
[1] M. Leitenberg, The Korean War Biological Weapon Allegations: Additional Information and Disclosures, 24(3), Asian Perspective, 159–17 (2002)  http://www.jstor.org/stable/42704276
[1] Seeley, T. D., Nowicke, J. W., Meselson, M., Guillemin, J., & Akratanakul, P, Yellow rain, 253(3), Scientific American,128-137 (1985) https://www.jstor.org/stable/24967794
 
[1] Brussels Declaration art. 13(a), Aug 27, 1874, ICRC https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/135-70013?OpenDocument
 
[1] Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and of Biological Methods of Warfare, 1925
[1] Jenni Rissanen, The Biological Weapons Convention, NTI (March 28, 2022, 00:37 AM) https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/biological-weapons-convention/#:~:text=The%20First%20Review%20Conference%20took,expanded%20upon%20at%20later%20conferences.
 
[1] Id at 8
[1] Id at 9
[1] Id at 10
 
[1] Id at 11
[1] Id at 12
[1] UN Digital Library, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/593995?ln=en (last visited March 28, 2022)
 
[1] UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, https://www.un.org/disarmament/news/bwc_2011/ (last visited March 28, 2022)
[1] UNODA Meetings Place, https://meetings.unoda.org/meeting/bwc-revcon-2016/ (last visited March 28, 2022)
 
 
[1] UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, https://www.un.org/disarmament/biological-weapons/about/meetings/#:~:text=Since%20the%20Convention%20entered%20into,%2C%202006%2C%202011%20and%202016 (last visited March 28, 2022)
 
[1] SASC, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/SASC_Unclassified_2016_ATA_SFR_FINAL.pdf  (last visited March 28, 2022)
 
[1] Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07545-0 (last visited March 28, 2022)
[1] Homeland Security, https://www.dhs.gov/archive/coronavirus/presidents-biodefense-strategy#:~:text=As%20the%20president's%20September%202018,and%20to%20our%20interests%20abroad.%E2%80%9D (last visited March 28, 2022)
 
[1] Dr. Nalin Kumar Mohapatra, COVID-19, China’s bioweapon strategy  and global security, Economic Times (March 29, 2022, 10:23 PM) https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/view-covid-19-chinas-bioweapon-warfare-strategy-and-global-security/articleshow/83321527.cms
 

Citation

[1] Staff Reporter, “Delhi University, photocopy service in the dock over piracy”, The Hindu, August 14, 2012
[1]  Id
[1] Infringement of copyright
 
[1] Sampsor and Murdock v. Seaver-Radford Co., 140 Fed Cas 539 (541)
[1] The Indian Copyright Act 1975
[1] The Indian Copyright Act 1975
[1] Academy of General Education, Manipal v. B. Manini Mallya 2009 (39) PTC 393 (SC).
[1] Fair dealing with any work not being used for a computer program, for the purpose of private or personal use including research.
[1] The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford v. Narendra Publishing House and Ors. 2008 (106) DRJ 482 {TA \l "Syndicate of The Press of The University of Cambridge on Behalf of The Chancellor, Masters and Schoolv, B.D. Bhandari & Anr.andThe Chancellor Masters And Scholars of The University of Oxfordv. Narendra Publishing House and Ors.
[1] Rangarajan {TA \l "Chatrapathy Shanmughan v. S Rangarajan" \s "Chatrapathy Shanmughan v. S Rangarajan" \c 1}, (2004) 29 PTC
[1] A fair dealing with any work not being a computer program for the purpose of private or personnel use
[1] Government of India study on piracy of copyright, 2011 by ministry of human resource development
[1] https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137024602_2
 HYPERLINK "https://goo.gl/0XVI1t"
 CS(OS) No.2439/2012, IA No.76/2017 & IA No.78/2017
[1]Order I Rule 10(2) for implement) and IA No.77/2017 (under
Order I Rule-8A CPC for intervention).
 

Citation

[1] Michael Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir, (New York 1953).
[1] Douglas C. Makeig, War, No- War, and the India-Pakistan Negotiating Process, 60 PAC. AFF. 271, 278 (1987).
[1] Damodar R. SarDesai, The Origins of Kashmir's International and Legal Status, in PERSPECTIVES ON KASHMIR: THE ROOTS OF CONFLICT IN SOUTH ASIA 81 (Raju G.C. Thomas, ed. 1992).
[1] Sisir Gupta, Kashmir, A Study in Indo-Pakistan Relations, (Bombay 1966).
[1] The Indian Independence, Act, 1947.
[1] V. P. Menon, The Story of the Integration: of the Indian Princely States, (Calcutta 1956).
[1] Alan Campbell Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, (London 1951).
[1] James Howley, Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later, 9 DICK. J. INT'L L.88 (1991).
[1] Letter from Lord Mountbatten to Maharaja Hari Singh (Oct. 27, 1947), in CHRISTOPHER B. BIRDWOOD, Two NATIONS AND KASHMIR 207 (1956).
[1] Nafisur Rahaman Sufi, Kashmir's Bid for Freedom, (Muzaffarabad 1956, Publication of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government, 1956).
[1] JAMMU AND KASHMIR CONST. § 3. No amendments to this section are permitted under the constitution.
[1] INDIA CONST. art. 370.
[1] Meher Chand Mahajan., Accession of Kashmir to India: The Inside Story, (Sholapur 1950).
[1] M. Zafrulla Khan, The Kashmir Dispute, (Karachi 1950).
[1] Reeta Chowdhari Tremblay, Nation Identity and the Intervening Role of the State: A Study of the Secessionist Movement in Kashmir, 69 PAC. AFF. 471, 483 (1996).
[1] Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhushan, (1968), Jammu & Kahmir, Springer, p. 187.
[1] Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhushan, (1968), Jammu & Kahmir, Springer, p. 200.
[1] Chowdhary, rekha, (2015), Jammu & Kahmir: Politics of Identity & Separatism, Roultedge, p. 48.
[1] Gowher Rizvi, India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Problem, 1947 - 1972, in Perspectives on Kashmir,  supra note 4, at 58.
[1] Id. at 59.
[1] This pact was reinforced by Pakistan's subsequent entry into the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO).
[1] Chen, Self-Determination as a Human Right, in TOWARD WORLD ORDER AND HUMAN DIGNITY 198 (W.M. Reisman & B. Weston eds. 1976);
[1] Article 1(2), 1 UNTS, 1945.
[1] Josef Korbel, The Kashmir Dispute and the United Nations, 3 INT'L ORG. 278.
[1] Letter from the Representative of India to the President of the Security Council (Jan 1, 1948), U.N. Doc. S/628 (1948). In its complaint, India indicated that it would resolve the accession issue once conditions in Kashmir allowed.
[1] Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan to the Secretary General (Jan. 15, 1948), U.N. Doc. S/646/Corr. 1 (1948).
[1] Resolution for a Cease-Fire Order and Truce Agreement Adopted by the United Nations Commission on Indian and Pakistan, U.N. SCOR, 3d Sess., at 3, U.N. Doc. S/995 (1948).
[1] Id. at 5.
[1] M.S. Rajan, The Tashkent Declaration: Retrospect & Prospect, 01st Jan, 1966.
[1] S.C. Res. 210, U.N. SCOR, 20th Sess., 1238th Mtg., U.N. Doc. S/6662 (1965).
[1] S.C. Res. 211, U.N. SCOR, 20th Sess., 1242nd Mtg., U.N. Doc. S/6694 (1965).
[1] Bratersky, Alexander (12 January 2016), At Tashkent, Soviet peace over India and Paksitan, Russia Beyond website. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
[1] A leaf from history : Simla Agreement, at last. Dawn (newspaper). 23 September 2012.
[1] Simla Agreement, supra note 83, at art. VI.
[1] Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement), United Nations Peacemaker.
[1] Article 103, 1 UNTS, 1945.
[1] Shamshad Ahmad, “Reversing the tide of history: Kashmir policy - an overview-II” The Dawn. August 6, 2004.
[1] Thomas P. Thornton, “A Long Way to Lahore: India and Pakistan Negotiate” in Craig Baxter, Charles H. Kennedy, (eds), Pakistan 2000, (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001), P.67.
[1] Lahore Declaration February, 1999 A Major Initiative for Peace in South Asia Amjad Abbas Maggsi.
[1] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Update of the Situation of Human Rights in Indian-Administered Kashmir and Pakistan-Administered Kashmir  from June 2016 to April 2018, and General Human Rights Concerns in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
[1] Section 11(c), Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials.
[1] LOSING SIGHT IN KASHMIR – THE IMPACT OF PELLET-FIRING SHOTGUNS, Amnesty International, INDIA.
[1] ICCPR/C/GC/37, General comment no. 37 of 2020. Human Rights Committee.
[1] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, Artcile 4, No 47, [ICCPR].
[1] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, Artcile 7, No 47, [ICCPR].
[1] India : Stop using Pellet – firing shot guns in Kashmir, Human Rights Watch, Sep 4, 2020.
[1] Id at 10.
[1] John Cherian, International reaction to abrogation of Article 370: Muted response, FRONTLINE, Sep 27, 2019.   
[1] IAN BROWNLIE, PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 1-31 (4th ed. 1990).
[1] Id at 49, supra note 97, at 1 I-15.
[1] JOSHUA CASTELLINO, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SELF-DETERMINATION 149 (2000).
[1] BROWNLIE, supra note 97, at 129 (discussing application of the doctrine of inter temporal law).

Citation

[1]ArunJaitley, Minister of Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, India,
Statement at the Thirty Third Meeting of International Monetary and Financial Committee
[1]"India Development Update", World Bank Report 151554
[1]  Under the Chairmanship of Shri S.S.Tarapore (former Deputy Governor)
[1] (1999) 4 SCC 69
[1] (2000) 100 Compo Cases 257 (Mad) (HC)
[1]AIR 1997 Guj. 75
[1] AIR 2000 SC 1535
[1]Saurav Harsh Son Of Shri Harish vs State Of Rajasthan on 28 November, 2018
[1]Given in Third Schedule of the B. R. Act.
[1] Agreed upon by the members of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 2010-11
[1] Introduced in Lok Sabha by the Minister of Finance, Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman, on March 3, 2020
[1]https://www.livemint.com/news/india
[1] 1970 3 SCR 530
[1] (1989) 4 SCC 90
[1] AIR 1986 SC 1370
[1] AIR 1961 Mad 8
[1] 143 ER 441
[1] (2001)3 SCC 726
[1] AIR 2016
[1] Ibid.
[1] W.P. No. 21814 (W) of 2017

Citation

[1] Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process 19 (Yale University, 1961).
[1] Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Growth of the Law xii - xiv (Yale University Press, New Heaven and London, 1924).
[1] Cf. Pound, “Courts and Legislation” 226, 9 Modern Legal Philosophy Series.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Act 43 of 1954.
[1] Act 2 of 1974.
[1] Prof. (Mrs.) Nomita Agarwal, Jurisprudence -(Legal Theory) 63 (Central Law Publications, Allahabad, 4th Ed. 2003).
[1] Part III, The Constitution of India.
[1] Right to free and compulsory education under Article 21A is a new addition under the right to life in the year 2002. The society felt the need to educate its children in order to make them more aware of the social change taking place around him or her. The way it was carried out was by law so as to make education a compulsory necessity for all children up to 14 years of age.
[1] A. Lakshmi Nath, Precedent in The Indian Legal System 16 (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 1990).
[1] A V Dicey, Lectures on the relation between Law and Public Opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century 362 (1905).
[1] Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v. West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 All ER 98; Rainy Sky SA v. Kookmin Bank [2011] UKSC 50, [2011] 1 W.L.R. 2900; Arnold v. Britton [2015] UKSC 36, [2015] A.C. 1619; Wood v. Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017] UKSC 24, [2017] A.C. 1173.
[1] Marks & Spencer Plc v. BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Co (Jersey) Ltd [2015] UKSC 72, [2016] A.C. 742.
[1] Marley v. Rawlings [2015] AC 129.
[1] Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42, [2017] A.C. 467.
[1] Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562, 1932 SC (HL) 31.
[1] Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v. Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] A.C. 465
[1] Hedley Byrne (Supra); Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605; Customs and Excise Commissioners v. Barclays Bank [2007] 1 AC 181.
[1] McLoughlin v. O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410; Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310
[1] Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd v. Miller Steamship Co Pty Ltd [1967] 1 A.C. 617.
[1] OBG v. Allan [2008] 1 AC 1.
[1] The Sale of Goods Act 1893 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which regulated contracts in which goods are sold and bought. The whole of this Act, except for Section 26 was repealed on January 1, 1980, subject to a number of savings. Section 26 was repealed on January 1, 1982. The 1893 Act is still operative in Ireland, although it has been amended on a number of occasions since it came into force.
[1] Nichol v. Godts (1854) 10 Ex. 191, Jones v. Just (1867-68) L.R. 3 Q.B. 197, Mody v. Gregson (1868-69) L.R. 4 Ex. 49 and Drummond & Sons v. Van Ingen & Co (1887) 12 App. Cas 284.
[1] [1932] AC 562, 1932 SC (HL) 31.
[1] Fons et origo is a Latin term meaning the ‘source and origin’.
[1] Anns v. Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728, 751 per Lord Wilberforce.
[1] Murphy v. Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398.
[1] Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman [1990] 2 A.C. 605, Michael v. Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2015] UKSC 2, [2015] A.C. 1732; Robinson v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2018] UKSC 4; [2018] A.C. 736
[1] See, Lewis N Klar, Judicial Activism in Private law (2001) 80 Canadian Bar Review 251-240.
[1] Cox v. Ministry of Justice [2016] UKSC 10, [2016] A.C. 660.
[1] Lister v. Hesley Hall Ltd. [2002] 1 AC 215 (sexual abuse); Mohamud v. WM Morrison Supermarkets Plc [2016] UKSC 11, [2016] A.C. 677 (assault); Catholic Child Welfare Society v. Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools [2012] UKSC 56, [2013] 2 A.C. 1 (the concept of enterprise risk).
[1] Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11, [2015] A.C. 1430.
[1] Douglas and others v. Hello! Ltd and others (No 3) [2008] 1 A.C. 1; Campbell v. Mirror Group Newspapers [2004] 2 AC 457.
[1] Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Growth of the Law 2 (Yale University Press, New Heaven and London, 1924).
[1] AIR 1975 SC 907: (1975) 2 SCC 324.
[1] Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Growth of the Law 96 - 97 (Yale University Press, New Heaven and London, 1924).
[1] Stare decisis is a Latin term meaning ‘to stand by decided cases.’
[1] Sakshi v. Union of India, AIR 2004 SCW 3449; Shanker Raju v. Union of India (2011) 2 SCC 132.
[1] Benjamin N. Cardozo.
[1] Union of India v. Raghubir Singh (1989) 2 SCC 754; Purbanchal Cables v. Assam Electricity Board (2012) 7 SCC 462.
[1] Bir Singh v. Mukesh Kumar (2019) 4 SCC 197.
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